LIST OF TERMS IN PHYSICS

CHAPTER SIX (WAVES)

ITEM	MEANING / DEFINITION
Wave motion Perambatan gelombang	Wave motion carries energy from one place to another place in a medium without the transfer of the particles along the medium.
Wavefront Muka Gelombang	A wavefront is a line or plane where the vibrations of every point on it are in phase
Transverse wave Gelombang Melintang	A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is at perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Longitudinal wave Gelombang Membujur	A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Amplitude Amplitud	The maximum displacement from its equilibrium position.
Period Tempoh	The time taken to make one complete oscillation
Frequency, f Frekuensi	The number of complete oscillations made by a vibrating system in one second
One complete oscillation Satu ayunan lengkap	A complete oscillation may be referred as the movement of a vibrating system from one extreme position to the other and back to the same position.
Wavelength, λ Panjang gelombang	The wavelength is the distance between successive points of the same phase in a wave.
Damping Pelembapan	Damping occurs when an oscillating system loses energy due to frictional forces.
Forced oscillation Ayunan paksa	Forced oscillation occurs when a system oscillates under the influence of an external driving force.
Natural frequency Frekuensi asli	The frequency of a system when it oscillates freely.
Resonance Resonans	Resonance occurs when a system oscillates at the maximum amplitude when the driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system.
Reflection of waves Pantulan gelombang	Reflection of waves is the change in direction of propagation when a wave strikes an obstacle.
Incident waves Gelombang Tuju	The waves moving towards an obstacle.
Reflected wave Gelombang Pantulan	The wave which has undergone a change in direction of propagation after reflection.
Angle of incidence Sudut Tuju	The angle between the direction of propagation of the incident wave and the normal
Angle of reflection Sudut pantulan	The angle between the direction of propagation of reflected wave and the normal.
Law of Reflection Hukum Pantulan	The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
Refraction of waves Pembiasan Gelombang	Refraction is the change of direction of propagation when the speed of a wave changes as it moves from one medium to another
Diffraction of wave Pembelauan Gelombang	Diffraction of waves is the spreading of waves as they pass through an aperture or around the edge of an obstacle
Principle of superposition Prinsip superposisi	The sum of the displacements of all the component waves at the point.
Coherent waves Gelombang Koheren	Waves of the same frequency and are in phase.
Interference Interferens	Superposition of two coherent waves constructively or destructively
Constructive interference Interferens membina	Occurs when two waves that are in phase superimpose to produce a wave with crests and troughs of maximum amplitude.
Destructive interference Interferens memusnah	Occurs when two waves that are out of phase superimpose to produce zero resultant amplitude
Antinode Antinod	A point where constructive interference occurs.
Node Nod	A point where destructive interference occurs.
Sound wave Gelombang bunyi	Sounds are longitudinal waves produced by vibrations such as the vibrations of the diaphragm of a loudspeaker, guitar string and tuning fork.
Loudness Kenyaringan	The intensity of a sound as heard by an observer  (depends on the amplitude of the sound)
Pitch Kelangsingan	The pitch of the sound is an indication of the sharpness of a sound (depends on the frequency of the sound)
SONAR	Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) is a system used to detect underwater objects or to determine the depth of the water by means of an echo.
Electromagnetic waves Gelombang elektromagnet	Electromagnetic waves are propagating waves in space with electric and magnetic components.

CHAPTER SEVEN (ELECTRICITY)

ITEM	MEANING / DEFINITION
Current Arus	Current is the rate of flow of electric charge
Ampere, A	SI unit of current
Coulomb, C	A unit of charge
Electric field Medan elektrik	An electric field is a region where an electric force acts on a particle with an electric charge.
Potential Difference Beza keupayaan	Potential difference is defined as the work done to move a unit of charge from one point to another in an electric field.
Ohm’s Law Hukum Ohm	The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the conductor, if the temperature and other physical dimensions remain constant.
Ohmic Conductor Konduktor Ohm	Material which obey Ohm’s Law
Non Ohmic Conductor Konduktor bukan Ohm	Material which do not obey Ohm’s Law
Resistance Rintangan	Resistance is defined as (potential difference)/(current)
Effective Resistance Rintangan berkesan	The effective resistance is the combined resistance in the circuit.
Electromotive Force (e.m.f) Daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e.)	The total energy supplied by a cell when one unit of charge flows through the cell.
Internal Resistance Rintangan dalam	The resistance within a cell due to its electrolyte or electrodes
Electrical Energy Tenaga elektrik	Energy supplied by a source of electricity (cell / battery) when current flows in a closed circuit.
Power Kuasa	Power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy
Power Rating Kadar kuasa	The power rating of an appliance denotes the rate at which it consumes electrical energy at a certain voltage

CHAPTER EIGHT (ELECTROMAGNETISM)

ITEM	MEANING / DEFINITION
Electromagnet Elektromagnet	An electromagnet is a device in which magnetism is produced by an electric current. It is a temperory magnet. It acts as a magnet when the current is flow and ceases to be a magnet when the current is switched off.
Magnetic field Medan magnet	A magnetic field is a region in which a magnetic materials experiences a force.
Catapult field Medan lastik	The resultant field produced when a straight wire carries a current in a uniform magnetic field.
Direct current motor Motor arus terus	A direct current motor is used to convert electrical energy into rotational kinetic energy.
Electromagnetic induction Aruhan elektromagnet	The production of an electromotive force in a conductor due to a changing magnetic flux.
Induced e.m.f. D.g.e. teraruh	An emf produced in a conductor when there is a changing magnetic flux or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor
Induced current Arus teraruh	Induced current is produced in a circuit when there is a changing magnetic flux or cutting of magnetic flux by a conductor
Faraday's law Hukum Faraday	The magnitude of the induced e.m.f  is directly proportional to the rate at which a conductor cuts through the magnetic flux.
Lenz's law Hukum Lenz	Lenz's Law state that an induced electric current always flows in such a direction as to oppose the change in magnetic flux.
Direct current Arus terus	Current which flows in one direction.
Alternating current Arus ulang alik	Current which flows back and forth in two opposite directions
Transformer Transformer	A device which steps up or steps down the voltage of an alternating current.
Step-up transformer Transformer injak naik	A transformer that steps up voltage
Step-down transformer Transformer injak turun	A transformer that steps down voltage
Ideal transformer Transformer unggul	A transformer where the output power is equal to the input power and the efficiency is 100%
Transmission of electricity Penghantaran elektrik	The transmission of electricity from the power station to consumers (industries and residential areas) by electric cables
National Grid Network Rangkaian Grid Nasional	The national grid is a network of electrical cables connecting electrical power stations to consumers of electricity.

CHAPTER NINE (ELECTRONICS)

ITEM	MEANING / DEFINITION
Thermionic emission Pemancaran termionik	A process of emitting electrons from a hot metal surface.
Cathode ray Sinar katod	A beam of fast moving, high energy electrons
Semiconductor Semikonduktor	Materials whose resistance is between those of good conductors and good insulators.
Doping Pendopan	The process of adding a small amount of impurities into the semiconductors.
n-type semiconductor Semikonduktor jenis-n	Semiconductor where the majority charge carriers are free electrons
p-type semiconductor Semikonduktor jenis-p	Semiconductor where the majority charge carriers are holes
Semiconductor diode Diod semikonduktor	A p-n junction device which conducts current in one direction only
Forward-biased Pincang ke hadapan	A diode is forward biased when the p-end is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the n-end is connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
Reverse-biased Pincang songsang	A diode is reverse biased when the p-end is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and the n-end is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.
Rectification Rektifikasi	To convert alternating current into direct current using diodes
Half-wave rectification Rektifikasi separuh gelombang	The process of rectification using a diode which allows current flow in half of a cycle.
Full-wave rectification Rektifikasi penuh gelombang	The process of rectification using four diodes to allow current to flow in a complete cycle and in the same direction.
Smoothing Capacitor Kapasitor perata	A capacitor that is used to smoothen the output voltage of a rectification process
n-p-n transistor Transistor n-p-n	A transistor which consists of a layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two layers of n-type semiconductors.
p-n-p transistor Transistor p-n-p	A transistor which consists of a layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two layers of p-type semiconductors.
Logic gate Get logik	A logic gate is an electronic switch with one or more inputs  and only one output.
Truth table Jadual kebenaran	A truth table shows the results of every possible output given every possible input.
AND gate Get DAN	A logic gate where the output is 1 only when both inputs are 1
NOT gate Get TAK	A logic gate that inverts the input
Or gate Get ATAU	A logic gate where the Output is 1 except when both inputs are 0

CHAPTER TEN (RADIOACTIVITY)

ITEM	MEANING / DEFINITION
Nucleus Nukleus	The small core of the atoms which contains the protons and neutrons
Nucleon Nukleon	Protons and neutrons
Proton number, Z Nombor proton	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Nucleon number, A Nombor nucleon	The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Nuclide Nuklid	A nuclide is one type of nucleus with a particular proton number and a particular nucleon number.
Isotope Isotop	Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon numbers
Radioisotope Radioisotop	Isotopes with unstable nuclei
Radioactivity Radioaktiviti	Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable nucleus into a more stable nucleus with the random emission of radiation.
Radioactive decay Reputan radioaktif	Radioactive decay is a process where an unstable nucleus becomes a more stable nucleus by emitting radiation
Alpha decay Reputan alfa	A radioactive decay where an alpha particle is emitted
Beta decay Reputan beta	A radioactive decay where a beta particle is emitted
Gamma decay Reputan gama	A radioactive decay where gamma rays are emitted
Half life Setengah hayat	The time taken for mass or activity of a radioactive substance to become half its original value
Atomic mass unit (a.m.u) Unit jisim atom	The atomic mass unit (a.m.u) is used to measure the masses of atomic particles.
Nuclear fission Pembelahan nuklear	A process involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei and several neutrons at the same time
Chain reaction Tindak balas berantai	A chain reaction is a self-sustaining reaction in which the neutrons produced in a reaction can initiate another similar reaction.
Nuclear fusion Pelakuran nuklear	Nuclear fusion is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
Nuclear reactor Reaktor nuklear	A nuclear reactor produces tremendous amount of energy through nuclear fission.